In brief

• AI companies are anonymously buying physical books in bulk and destroying them after scanning them for AI training.
• Booksellers say demand for obscure and out-of-print titles has surged, raising fears that rare books are disappearing.
• A federal judge ruled that destructive scanning of legally purchased books can qualify as fair use, even as separate copyright litigation continues.

Like a scene out of the classic dystopian novel “Fahrenheit 451,” some AI companies aren't just reading books—they're destroying them.

As developers race to build more powerful AI models, and lawsuits over copyright mount, a cottage industry has sprung up to supply them with millions of physical books that are stripped apart, scanned into training datasets, and discarded.

First reported by 404 Media, AI companies are using intermediaries to acquire books at industrial scale anonymously. Companies specializing in bulk sourcing advertise their ability to locate hundreds of thousands of titles while promising confidentiality for AI clients, reflecting the sensitivity surrounding the practice.

Critics say the buying spree is driven by AI companies racing to preserve human-authored knowledge before it is diluted by AI-generated text, often called "AI slop." Books published before the rise of generative AI in 2023 are especially valuable because they provide high-quality training data written entirely by humans.

The surge in demand is already reshaping the used-book market. One unnamed bookseller told 404 Media that weekly sales climbed from roughly 20 books to several hundred after AI buyers entered the market. While the increase has been profitable, he said he worries uncommon and out-of-print books are being permanently lost after they are scanned and destroyed.

“It benefits me financially as well as by clearing out old inventory that is otherwise unlikely to sell,” the bookseller told 404 Media. “I’ve been well suited for these sales with inventory from overseas and foreign language books. On the other hand, I don’t like the end-use, and I don’t like that uncommon books are being pulped.”

The practice mirrors Anthropic's "Project Panama," which digitized millions of books through destructive scanning.

Last summer, in the copyright lawsuit Bartz v. Anthropic PBC, a federal judge in San Francisco ruled that scanning legally purchased physical books into digital copies, even when the originals were destroyed, constituted transformative fair use. Federal judges later issued similar fair use rulings in separate copyright cases involving OpenAI and Meta.

However, in a separate case, a federal judge in the same district this week approved a $1.5 billion copyright settlement requiring Anthropic to pay thousands of authors about $3,000 per book after the company used pirated copies of their works to train Claude.

In response to the growing backlash, AI developers, including Elon Musk, have spoken out against the practice and said companies should maintain the books being scanned.

“I’ve asked the SpaceXAI team to preserve any rare books in a library and scan them the hard way vs just cutting off the spine and scanning,” Musk wrote on X.